History Section 02 In Class Notes September 21 2016

• What Do I Think The Essay Questions Could Be?
• What were the main goals and practices of the religions of the ancient world?
• How were different ancient civilizations similar and different from one another?
• What Do My Classmates Believe The Essay Questions Could Be?
• Compare and Contrast Indian and Chinese Religions
• Why do all the religions appear to arise around the same time (6th century BCE)?
• How did geography affect the ancient river civilizations?
• What were common problems faced by ancient river civilizations, and what were the different solutions?
• Classical Consolidation: Empire
• Time Frame
• 1200 BCE - 450 CE
• What is Happening During This Time Period?
• Growing populations
• Coherence Under The Empire
• Consolidation of Social Systems
• What Happens When Populations Grow?
• More people specialize in what they do
• There is more manufacturing
• There is more trade
• Less people have to farm
• More people are living in cities
• More people are spreading out
• More neighboring populations are interacting with each other
• Culture begins spreading more rapidly, as more individual populations interact with each other
• Hinduism spread across India
• The Caste System and Confucianism spread
• What is an Empire?
• A group of states/countries united:
• By Culture
• By a Single Ruler
• By a Family Hierarchy of Rulers
• Strong Government
• Economics
• Military
• In India when they refer to taking over the world, they really meant what?
• That they wanted to take over India
• What was the first long lasting world empire?
• Achaemenid Persians
• How Long Did The Achaemenid Persian Empire Last?
• 539 - 330 BCE
• What was the greatest strength and weakness of the Achaemenid Persian Empire?
• They were hands off
• What does it mean, that the Achaemenid Persian Empire is hands off? How is this a weakness?
• The persians would conquer different areas, but then allow each area to follow their own culture, laws, and calendars
• Each area is united among the Empire through economics, by paying their taxes
• When the empire encounters military conflict, due to the lack of cultural unification, would quickly breakdown
• Zoroastrianism
• Zoroaster was born to a fifteen year old virgin.
• He performed many miracles
• He lived in a world of magis
• He spoke with Ahura Mazda
• Ahura Mazda is the one true god, the light, the truth, the goodness
• Zoroastrianism gave the people a choice
• You could work with the light
• You could work with Ahriman
• Ahriman is the darkness, one of lies
• The Three Layers of feathers on the wings of Ahura Mazda represent good words, good thoughts, and good deeds while the three laters on the tail represent the opposite
• Zoroastrianism was heavily based on performing good deeds, and helping people
• Zoroaster only converted his cousin to Zoroastrianism 
• Zoroastrianism didn't take off, until Zoroaster died
• Ahura Mazda and Ahriman are locked in battle, until the judgement day, in which everyone reaches judgement
• Zoroastrianism is a linear religion, that believes in a time, in which time will end
• Zoroastrianism taught a lot about angels and demons
• Zoroastrians have to marry other Zoroastrians
• Zoroastrianism doesn't force people to convert
• Islam in the 7th century CE almost completely wipes out Zoroastrianism
• When did Cyrus (The Persian Empire) Take Babylon?
• 539 BCE
• Why did Cyrus Take Babylon?
• Agricultural Advantages
• Dye related resources
• Who is Cyrus's Son?
• Cambyses
• Cambyses took Eygpt and was perceived as what?
• A god
• Cambyses was considered as what kind of leader?
• A great leader, at least, the elites believed so 
• Darius embraced Zoroastrianism 
• How was Darius related to Cyrus?
• He wasn't
• He was a general under Cambyses
• How Did Darius Take Control Over The Persian Empire?
• He created a pact with military men, and worked with them to kill Cambyses, and use the army to rule
• Who was the heir of Darius?
• Son of one of Cyrus's daughters, who Darius married
• How many daughters of Cyrus did Darius marry?
• Two
• Darius claims that he is related to what ancient family that is connected to the first Persian Empire?
• Achaemenes
• How Did Darius Claim Legitimacy?
• He stopped rebellions with military power
• He claimed to be related to the Achaemenes
• He gave birth to a blood heir
• He made Persepolis, a huge palace, to show off his power
• Grassroots Localism
• He allowed places he conquered to rule themselves, but they had to pay taxes
• How do people know of Darius?
• He made giant wall inscriptions in multiple languages, that proclaim his power
• What did Cambyses, Darius, and Cyrus Practice in Order to Expand Their Empire ?
• Grassroots Localism
• He allowed places he conquered to rule themselves, but they had to pay taxes
• How Did Persians Divide the Area They Conquered?
• They divided them into Satrapies, which were ruled by Satraps
• What are Satrapies?
• Provinces
• Who are Satraps?
• Governors of Provinces
• Normally Persian
• Collect Taxes
• Complete religious rituals, protect the people, and build/maintain public works
• What were the checks of power for the Satraps?
• Inspectors
• Local Appeals to the King
• And a Relationship between the King and Local Elites
• The Persian Empire Had One of the Best Road Systems in the World
• The Persian royal road could travel from Susa to Sardis in seven days
• Why didn't the Persian Empire Last?
• Alexander the Great brings the end of the Persian Empire
• Alexander the Great would visit local elites, and tell them that if they pay taxes, they don't have to fight for power
• Alexander so easily takes the empire, because he uses the same Grassroots Localism